N'afọ 1931, Kistler kewapụrụ mmiri mmiri na ihe siri ike site n'iji usoro ikpocha mmanya na-egbu egbu ma mee ka usoro nke gas ghara ịdaba ma daa, na-akpata airgel n'ụwa.
Nkọwa nke Airgel
Airgel bụ ihe siri ike nano-porous amorphous dị arọ nke nwere obere micro-particles nanometer gbakọtara na ibe ya iji mepụta usoro netwọkụ porous nanometer-ọnụọgụ wee jupụta n'ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi gaseous na ọkpụkpụ netwọk.
Aerogels abụghị naanị ihe na-arụ ọrụ, kamakwa ọnọdụ ọhụrụ. Steeti airgel dị iche na steeti okwu ndị ọzọ n'ọtụtụ akụrụngwa. Ọ nwere nha na udi dị ka ihe siri ike, ma njupụta ya pụtara ìhè nwere ike ịdị ogologo site na 1 g/cm³ ruo 0.001 g/cm³ (dị ala karịa njupụta nke ikuku); N'otu oge ahụ, o nwere ogbo-dị ka porous Ọdịdị, na otutu Njirimara nke microscopic (nano-scale skeleton), macroscopic (condensed okwu) na mesoscopic (multi-larịị na fractal Ọdịdị) àgwà, na-eme ka aerogels nwere ọtụtụ pụrụ iche Njirimara. Ọ na-egosiputa conductivity thermal dị oke ala, modul dị ala nke ngbanwe, ọnụego phonon dị ala, index refractive dị ala, obere dielectric na-adịgide adịgide, oke ọsọ nke ụda dị obere, mpaghara elu dị elu dị elu, njupụta dị ukwuu na nkesa ndenye ntụgharị, wdg.
Nhazi nke Aerogels
Enwere ọtụtụ aerogels, na-ekpuchi ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ sistemụ ihe niile. N'ozuzu, dị ka chemical mejupụtara, ha nwere ike kewara n'ime organic aerogels, inorganic aerogels na mejupụtara aerogels, wdg Aerogels nwekwara ike nkewa n'ime silicon, carbon, sulfur, metal oxide na metal usoro dị ka isi ihe ha.
Ọnọdụ & Ọrụ nke Aerogels
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ekwu na aerogels ga-agbanwe ụwa.
Edepụtara Airgel dị ka otu n'ime okwu sayensị na teknụzụ dị ọkụ iri kachasị na mbipụta 10 nke akwụkwọ akụkọ US Science. Na 250 Ọgọst 20, The Times kọrọ na airgel bụ ihe siri ike kachasị mfe n'ụwa nke nwere ike iguzogide ike mgbawa nke 2007kg nke dynamite wee mee ka ị pụọ na ọkụ nke ọkụ na-efe efe karịa 1°C. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-enyocha iji airgel n'ihe ọ bụla site na oghere ikuku nwere nnukwu mkpuchi ruo na ndị na-ahụ maka ihe na-akpali akpali ruo ọgbọ na-esote nke raket tennis. Airgel na-ekwe nkwa na ọgbọ dị iche iche nke ihe akụkọ ifo dị ka resin phenolic sitere na 1300, eriri carbon sitere na 1930s na silicone sitere na 1980s.
Edepụtara Airgel na Guinness Book of World Records ọtụtụ oge dị ka ihe siri ike n'ụwa. Airgel nwekwara obere ikuku ọkụ yana ndetu refractive na ọ bụ ihe mkpuchi okpukpu 39 karịa nke iko iko kacha mma. Ejirila Airgel kpuchie ọdụ ụgbọ elu Russia Mir na US Mars Pathfinder rover, ma rụọlarị ọrụ dị mkpa na ụlọ ọrụ ikuku.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Airgel Development
1931, Kistler bu ụzọ kwadebe aerogels na Mahadum Stanford, USA.
N'afọ 1985, Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Physics na Mahadum Würzburg, Germany haziri nnọkọ mkparịta ụka mbụ na aerogels, nke a maara dị ka ISA.
N'afọ 1993, a na-eji aerogels kpuchie oghere, ụgbọ elu na ụgbọ elu.
2002, Aspen Aerogel, ụlọ ọrụ NASA, hiwere iji mepụta na imepụta aerogels.
2004, nyocha airgel nke ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke China mere.
2006, ụlọ ọrụ airgel dị na China malitere ịzụlite aerogels.
2017, China kpọsara, GB/T 34336-201, Ngwaahịa mkpuchi ihe mejupụtara Airgel na-abụghị nke ikuku.
2021, State Council wepụtara, "Atụmatụ Omume maka Carbon Na-erute Ọnụ Ọgụgụ site na 2023" na ime ka nyocha na mmepe nke eriri carbon, aerogel, ígwè pụrụ iche na ihe ndị ọzọ bụ isi.
Njirimara igodo nke Aerogels
(1) Ultra-light. Airgel bụ ihe siri ike kacha nta n'ụwa, yana njupụta kacha nta nke otu ụzọ n'ụzọ isii nke oke ikuku. Ogologo njupụta dị iche iche bụ 0.001 ~ 1g/cm³.
(2) Akwa porosity na elu kpọmkwem elu ebe. The porosity bụ 80% ~ 99.9%, kpọmkwem n'elu ebe bụ 200 ~ 1000m2 / g, na-ahụkarị size nke pores bụ 1 ~ 100nm.
(3) Super thermal mkpuchi. Ọdịdị aerogel dị gịrịgịrị nano-netwọk nke ọma na-egbochi mgbasa nke mkpali ọkụ dị n'ime mpaghara, yana njikwa okpomọkụ steeti siri ike bụ usoro 2 ~ 3 dị ala karịa nke ihe enyo kwekọrọ.
Ụkpụrụ nke mkpuchi ikuku nke airgel
Mbelata mbufe ọkụ: Ọnụ ọgụgụ nanoparticles na-enweghị njedebe na airgel na-etolite ọkpụkpụ ntupu, na okpomọkụ nwere ike na-aga na ọnụ ọgụgụ nanoparticles na-enweghị ngwụcha. Enwere ike ịmegharị ọkụ ọkụ naanị n'akụkụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nanoparticles na-enweghị njedebe, na-ebute ụzọ na-enweghị njedebe nke nnyefe okpomọkụ na ihe siri ike. A na-ebelata nnyefe ọkụ na ihe siri ike na ọkwa kachasị ala.
Mgbochi nke ikuku ọkụ : Nkezi nha oghere nke aerogels bụ 20-40 nm, nke pere mpe karịa nkezi oke oghere nke molekul gas nke 69 nm, molekul gas dị na oghere ndị ahụ na-efunahụ ikike ha ịkwaga n'enweghị nsogbu, na-eme ka ikuku ọkụ ghara ikwe omume.
Radiation okpomọkụ a na-ebelata : Mgbidi oghere ndị nanoparticles dị na aerogels na-emepụta bụ mkpuchi infrared, ọnụọgụgụ ọta na-enweghị njedebe na-ebelatakwa radiation okpomọkụ nke ukwuu.
(4) Catalysis. The obere urughuru size, elu kpọmkwem elu ebe na ala njupụta nke airgel na-eme ka ọrụ na selectivity nke airgel catalysts dị elu karịa ot catalysts, na-arụ ọrụ components nwere ike ịbụ nnọọ uniformly chụsasịrị na ụgbọelu, na ọ nwekwara magburu onwe kwes kwụsie ike, nke nwere ike n'ụzọ dị irè belata omume nke akụkụ mmeghachi omume.
(5) Mkpuchi ụda. Njirimara ụda dị ala nke aerogels na-eme ka ha bụrụ ihe dị mma maka igbu oge ụda ma ọ bụ mkpuchi ụda okpomọkụ dị elu. Mgbanwe dị iche iche nke impedance acoustic nke airgel dị ukwuu [103 ~ 107kg / (㎡-s)], nke bụ ihe kachasị mma na-eguzogide ihe na-eme ka ihe na-emekọ ihe maka ultrasonic detectors. Nguzogide ụda nke piezoelectric ceramics ejiri maka ndị na-emepụta ultrasonic na ndị na-achọpụta ihe bụ 1.5 × 107kg / (㎡-s), ebe nkwụsị ụda nke ikuku bụ naanị 400kg / (㎡-s). Iji silicon airgel nwere ọkpụrụkpụ nke 1/4 wavelength na njupụta nke ihe dị ka 0.3g/cm³ dị ka ihe na-egbochi ụda olu n'etiti seramiki piezoelectric na ikuku nwere ike iwelie ụda ike site na 30dB, melite arụmọrụ nke ebili mmiri ụda ma belata mgbaàmà-na-mkpọtụ na ngwa ngwaọrụ.
(6) Ọrụ nzacha. Enwere ike iji aerogels nanostructured dị ka ụdị ọhụrụ nke ihe nzacha gas na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma. N'ihi oke elu ya nke ukwuu nke ukwuu, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-akpọ aerogels dị ka "sponges dị ukwuu" ma dị mma maka ịgbasa ihe ndị na-emetọ mmiri na mmiri, na-amịpụta lead na mercury site na mmiri, na-eme ka ha bụrụ ihe magburu onwe ya maka ime ihe banyere ọdachi ndị dị ndụ.
(7) Ngwa anya. SiO₂ airgel dị ọcha bụ nke na-enweghị isi na enweghị agba, yana ntinye ntụgharị ya (1.006 ~ 1.06) dị nso na nke ikuku, nke pụtara na SiO₂ airgel nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ enweghị ntụgharị na ìhè merenụ ma nwee ike ibunye ìhè anyanwụ nke ọma. Ya mere, enwere ike iji ya mee mkpuchi mkpuchi na mkpọtụ mbelata iko.
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